An X-ray image intensifier (XRII), it is used in medical imaging system, sometimes referred to as medical-x-ray machine, a C-arm x-ray unit or fluoroscopy in medical settings, is an imaging device which uses X-rays and produces a live image feed which displayed on a TV screen.
The term image intensifier refers to a special component of the machine, which allows low intensity X-rays to be amplified, resulting in a smaller dose to the patient. The overall system consists of an X-ray source, input window, input phosphor, photocathode, vacuum and electron optics, output phosphor and output window. It allows for lower X-ray dosage to be used on patients by magnifying the intensity produced in the output image while enabling the viewer to easily see the structure of the object being imaged. They were introduced by Philips in 1955.
An image intensifier is used in two ways:
1. As a fixed piece of equipment in a dedicated screening room
2. Mobile equipment for use in an operating theatre
Fixed image intensifiers
These are used in most X-ray departments as 'screening rooms'. The types of investigations for which this machine can be used for is vast, including:
Barium studies (swallows, meals, enemas)
Endoscopy studies (ERCP)
Fertility studies (HSG)
Angiography studies (peripheral, central and cerebral)
Therapeutic studies (Line placements i.e. Permacath/Hickman, transjugular biopsies, TIPS stent, embolisations)
Cardiac studies (PTCA)
Orthopedic procedures (ORIF, DHS, MUA, spinal work)
Mobile image intensifiers
A mobile image intensifier generally consists of two units, the intensifier unit and the television or workstation unit. The intensifier unit consists of a C-arm with a variety of movements that allows for use in a variety of surgical procedures such as cardiology, orthopedics and urology. The C-arm has an image intensifier and an X-ray tube positioned directly opposite from each other. The c-arm is capable of many movements:
Horizontal travel: about 200 mm
Orbital travel: about 115 degrees
Motorized vertical travel: 460 mm
Wig-wag about +/-12 cm (entire C-Arm and Image Intensifier)
C-arm rotation about the horizontal axis +/- 210 degrees
The c-arm must be compact and lightweight to allow easy positioning with adequate space to work around and a wide range of motion.

Workstation unit
Much of the operation of the machine is from the workstation unit. This has the following features:
Various handles for movement and positioning
Power switch and exposure switch
Cable hanger
Brake pedal
Controls for radiographic and fluoroscopic settings
Various interconnect cables
Hard disk and optical disk writer/rewriter
DVD R/RW
PACS system connection allowing access to patient information, annotation,
Advanced image quality enhancement software such as noise reduction, zoom control
Ability to save and swap images between monitors
Contrast and brightness controls
May have one or dual 17 inch or larger monitors
Advanced image processing such as noise reduction

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